general information i.e., semantic memory, crystallized intelligence. The answer to this question is D because the capacity for retrieving general information (i.e., semantic memory, crystallized intelligence) is unaffected by aging. Research on cognitive aging has demonstrated that, in general, aging does NOT diminish a person's:Ĭapacity for acquiring new declarative information.Ĭapacity for controlling his or her memory processes.Ībility to cope with Alzheimer's Disease.Ībility to retrieve general information. Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. Hind-sight bias Hindsight bias refers to the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are. ***During the commercial, the trainer would be worried about the rabbit 'going back to its roots - it's innate roots. ***Instinctual drift is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. The question asks what the trainer would want to avoid while training the rabbit. ***Operant extinction is the gradual disappearance of the learned behavior because the behavior isn't being reinforced anymore, i.e. So the learned behavior "drifts" to the organism's species-specific (instinctual) behavior. Partial reinforcement During the commercial, the trainer would be worried about the rabbit 'going back to its roots' - it's innate roots.The answer to this question is B because instinctual drift is the phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors. Partial (intermittent) - response is only sometimes reinforcedĭ) variable interval Which phenomenon will an animal trainer most likely try to avoid when training a rabbit for a television commercial? Continuous Reinforcement - response is reinforced every time it occursĢ. ***Accumulating pleasure doesn't really have anything to do with learning in this question, the answer that best explains why learning is easier is A. Therefore it creates the connection *unambiguously * that this response is correct. ![]() ***This methodology is the best for acquisition because the animal is getting rewarded EVERY time it does the right thing. Thereafter, if every correct response is reinforced, other (incorrect) responses are infrequent and the behavior gains strength and learning results. The answer to this question is A because first the correct response must be unambiguously made known to the subject, generally through a shaping procedure. It gives subjects little time for incorrect responses. This leads to the greatest accumulation of reinforcements, hence the greatest pleasure. The schedule is best matched for the motivational state of the subject. The schedule unambiguously informs the subject which behavior is correct. Which statement best explains why continuous reinforcement is best for the beginning of the acquisition phase of operant conditioning? Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the outside, not inside, of neurons. D is incorrect because, if the receptors were internalized, dopamine could not be pharmacologically active. In any case, pain relief is associated with heroin, not cocaine. C is incorrect because the fetus may not be mature enough to feel pain. B is incorrect because transport of cocaine to the fetal circulation does not indicate whether the drug is pharmacologically active in the fetus. ![]() The answer to this question is A because cocaine is a stimulant it would have a physiological effect similar to stress and hence glucose metabolism is expected to increase. Imaging studies showed increased internalization of dopamine receptors. The fetus had an increase in tolerance to pain. Imaging studies showed that cocaine entered the fetal circulation. ![]() Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased. Which experimental observation best supports their hypothesis? Researchers hypothesized that cocaine is pharmacologically active in the primate fetal brain when pregnant primates are administered cocaine at doses typically used by human drug users. talking on the phone while surfing the web. Divided Attention Used to complete two or more tasks simultaneously i.e. listening to a friend at a loud party Alternating Attention Used to alternate back and forth between tasks i.e. Selective Attention Focus on one activity in the midst of many activities i.e.
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